*Solar batteries
🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋🔋.
Find a seat and get ready for another exciting time.... Ow our practical four Saturday class ended today with three new solar engineers graduating*
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
COURSE FOCUS NOW. Today ....
👇👇👇👇👇👇
we will look at all these now...
🔷Solar Batteries, 🔷AC Vs DC Solar system. 🔷Intro to AC solar system* .
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd: *What types of batteries to choose?*
✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️💥✍️
There are multiple models of batteries capable of storing solar energy; each comes with its advantages and disadvantages. There are four types of battery mainly used for solar energy storage applications. Below is a summary of the most trusted technologies currently on the market :
Lithium-ion (LMO, NMC, NCA, LFP)
Lead acid (Flooded, VRLA)
Nickel based (NiCd)
Flow (RFB, HFB)
Lithium-ion
Lithium-ion batteries are evolving as the electric car industry is driving their development both in technology and costs. There are 4 main lithium-ion types of battery often used for large scale solar battery storage applications :
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)
+ Fast charging
– Only recently entering the C&I market
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
+ High specific energy
– Only recently entering the C&I market
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)
+ High specific energy and more stability
– Relatively new
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
+ long cycle life, don’t require ventilation or cooling
– Risk of thermal runaway
Those batteries have high energy density and a rather low self-discharge. They do not need prolonged priming when new, one charge is sufficient. Lithium-ion battery are in general low maintenance and a periodic discharge is not necessary.
However most of them are still comparatively expensive to manufacture and are subject to aging, even while not being used and transportation restrictions. They also requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within limits.
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
The most common in Nigeria are in other of use and preference are
🔷 Lead acid.
🔷 Deep cycle and 🔷Lithium batteries
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd: *Lead acid*
*Lead acid batteries* are inexpensive, their prices range is between 382$ and 399$, and have the lowest self-discharge rate among the presented rechargeable batteries here. They also have high specific power and are capable of high discharge currents. However, they charge slowly (14+ hours) and have a low specific energy. Their already limited cycle life can be reduced by repeated deep cycling. Moreover, they aren’t environmentally friendly. If not properly discarded, lead acid batteries can contaminate the environment and be a threat to human health and the nature as their main two components are sulfuric acid and lead. Lead-acid batteries are known for being dependable and inexpensive. These batteries are heavy because of their materials and relatively inefficient as for their charge and discharge compared to other batteries.
+ Reliable
– Requires watering, transportation restrictions, need ventilation
*Valve Regulated* *Lead-Acid (VRLA* )
+ valves to regulate off-gassing,little to no maintenance, can be installed in hard-to-reach applications.
– Sensitive to temperature
VRLA can be separated into two categories: absorbed glass mat (AGM) and gel. Gel performs better in warm temperatures and AGM in colder ones.
*Nickel based*
*Nickel based batteries* have been used in large-scale energy storage projects as they perform well in all types of temperatures. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) is the most common Nickel based battery technology used. They are more suitable for off-grid installation as they are a reliable backup system and don’t require regular maintenance but lack of maintenance will reduce their cycle counts.
*Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)*
+ long cycle life, don’t require ventilation or cooling
– Risk of thermal runaway
*The Nickel-Cadmium* *batteries* are available in a wide range of sizes and performance options and can be stored in a discharged state as they have a long shelf life. They have a very good load performance and are not subject to regulatory control. NiCd has the lowest cost per cycle in comparison to the 3 other types of battery presented. *Not common in Nigeria yet*. However, they have low specific energy compared to newer systems and have a high self-discharge. They are also subject to memory effects and the low cell voltage of those batteries mean that many cells are required to achieve high voltage. Moreover, Cadmium is a toxic metal which makes this battery type one of the least environmental friendly together with lead acid batteries.
**Flow*
*Flow batteries* are comparatively new to the battery storage market even though the technology has been used for years. They are called flow batteries because they have a water based solution of zinc-bromide inside them. They have greater design flexibility, thus allowing more combination between storage capacity and power output capacity.
Redox flow batteries (RFB)
+ flexible energy storage technology
– low energy density, expensive, very large
Hybrid flow batteries
+ flexible energy storage technology
– low charge and discharge rates, expensive, very large
Instead of adding more batteries to a storage system to increase its capacity, flow batteries only need more electrolyte liquid. This electrolyte can be replenished at any time without interrupting power output. The electrochemical cell can deliver power as long as the electrolyte solution is available.
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
**Which is better*
*in solar – DC or AC ?*
✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️
*Solar photovoltaic* *technology works* on DC power. So basically the power coming out of a solar PV panel is pure DC (Direct current) power. The DC power coming from a solar panel is unregulated power, and hence it can not be used directly for any useful application. We do need some kind of electronic circuit to control this unregulated dc power source into usable energy whether it is DC power or AC power.
Many times people wonder whether they should prefer to use the DC power directly or choose the option of converting the DC power into AC power.
The answer is not a simple yes or no. Each of the options may be better depending on the type of system and application.
It is important to also bear in mind that the common electric supply in our houses, industries, offices, etc are working on AC (Alternating current). So most of the appliances, electrical devices, lights, fans, etc available in the market all operate on AC mode. DC-based appliances are not as commonly available as AC appliances.
Presented below are the different ways in which DC power from solar can be used in DC and how solar DC power can be used in AC.
*Comparision*
To begin with we will definitely notice that in case of a DC power system it has the advantage of avoiding the DC to AC conversion losses. This also reduces the cost of any kind of inverter circuit or inversion technology.
But usually DC based systems can operate only on lower standard DC voltages such as 6v, 12v, 24v, 48v.
The DC systems are usually based on these voltages because of the availability of batteries in the market. Since batteries are only available in 6v or 12v voltages, hence, it is common to either choose a 6v system or a voltage system which is a multiple of 12v.
The AC power systems require an additional inverter circuit so as to convert the DC power into usable single or 3 phase AC power.
Solar AC power systems are primarily of 2 types:-
Battery-based or hybrid solar power systems. These systems convert the solar power into AC but also have additionally a battery to act as a storage medium.
On-grid and batteryless systems. Such systems directly convert in real time basis all the solar power into AC, but do not have any battery and hence can not store the solar power generated.
DC powered devices are not so common and hence usually require people to place special orders or otherwise look for very commonly available DC appliances only.
*Devices such as LED lights, smaller fans, etc are commonly available in DC* *power.*
However, many common appliances such as air-conditioners, refrigerators, etc suitable to operate on DC are not available in the market. Hence, for systems requiring the operation of such larger appliances, it is not feasible to opt for solar DC power systems. It is necessary to opt for a solar AC power system.
In case of DC power systems due to the lower voltage, the current rating increases very rapidly for higher power ratings. Eg. A 10000W solar system operating on a 12vdc bus, will have a current rating of 834 Amps !!!
It becomes very difficult and costly to manage such a high current rating. It also increases the cabling, switchgear and other costs so as to remove any other smaller benefits.
Also to be kept in mind is the fact that DC cables are costlier as compared to AC cables for the same size.
*As a thumb rule, the DC power systems can be* *suitable for lower power ratings only or in* *applications* whether the power load is by default operating in DC power such as LED lights, DC fans, telecom systems, cathodic protection systems, etc.
Whereas for larger power ratings, solar AC power systems are more appropriate, reliable and cost effective.
*CONCLUSION*
Considering the different points mentioned above and also commonly available solar inverter technologies, Presented here below are some different scenarios with a conclusion on which technology is better for that application.
[9/23, 9:58 PM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
COURSE FOCUS NOW. We are looking at
✓Solar panel price range and sizes in Nigeria 2020
✓Charge controller types and function
✓Solar inverters and functions*
[9/23, 9:58 PM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
2020 PRICE OF SOLAR PANELS
20W......#4K 50W......#7,5K. 80W......#11.5K. 100W....#17,5K. 150W....#21.5K. 200W....#25K. 250W....#28,5K. 300W....#32,5K*
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd: *READ FIRST ALL POSTS HERE THEN...Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥
**Read first! Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥
**Read first! Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥
**Read first! Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥**
Read first! Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥
**Read first! Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥
**Any questions on this posts?
💥💥💥💥💥💥💥*
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
*THINGS YOU SHOULD DO WHEN YOU JOIN OR ADDED TO A GROUP*
✅Be calm.
✅Go through the opportunity presented to you
✅Analyse the opportunity
✅Ask questions if there is anything you don't understand
✅Don't delay your registration, if the opportunity suits you, Swing in with both feet to secure your slot.
✅If it doesn't, silently exit the group through the door
✅We all know that every opportunity is not meant for everybody...But don't be too quick to exit...Because every opportunity is worth giving a try👌
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
*What is a solar inverter?*.
✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️
An inverter converts the DC voltage to an AC voltage. In most cases, the input DC voltage is usually lower while the output AC is equal to the grid supply voltage of either 120 volts, or 240 Volts depending on the country.
The inverter may be built as standalone equipment for applications such as solar power, or to work as a backup power supply from batteries which are charged separately.
The other configuration is when it is a part of a bigger circuit such as a power supply unit, or a UPS. In this case, the inverter input DC is from the rectified mains AC in the PSU, while from either the rectified AC in the in the UPS when there is power, and from the batteries whenever there is a power failure.
There are different types of inverters based on the shape of the switching waveform. These have varying circuit configurations, efficiencies, advantages and disadvantages
An inverter provides an ac voltage from dc power sources and is useful in powering electronics and electrical equipment rated at the ac mains voltage. In addition they are widely used in the switched mode power supplies inverting stages. The circuits are classified according the switching technology and switch type, the waveform, the frequency and output waveform.
Basic inverter operation
The basic circuits include an oscillator, control circuit, drive circuit for the power devices, switching devices, and a transformer.
The conversion of dc to alternating voltage is achieved by converting energy stored in the dc source such as the battery, or from a rectifier output, into an alternating voltage. This is done using switching devices which are continuously turned on and off, and then stepping up using the transformer. Although there are some configurations which do not use a transformer, these are not widely used.
The DC input voltage is switched on and off by the power devices such as MOSFETs or power transistors and the pulses fed to the primary side of the transformer. The varying voltage in the primary induces an alternating voltage at secondary winding. The transformer also works as an amplifier where it increases the output voltage at a ratio determined by the turn’s ratio. In most cases the output voltage is raised from the standard 12 volts supplied by the batteries to either 120 Volts or 240 volts AC.
The three commonly used Inverter output stages are, a push-pull with centre tap transformer, push-pull half-bridge, or push-pull full bridge. The push pull with centre tap is most popular due to its simplicity and, guaranteed results; however, it uses a heavier transformer and has a lower efficiency.
A simple push pull DC to AC inverter with centre tap transformer circuit is a shown in the figure below.
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
*What is a solar charge controller?*
✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️✍️
A solar charge controller is a regulator for your solar battery that prevents it from overcharging. Batteries are rated for voltage capacity, and exceeding that voltage can lead to permanent battery damage and loss of functionality over time. Solar charge controllers act as a gate to your battery storage system, making sure damage doesn’t occur from overloading it.
Charge controllers are only necessary in a few specific cases. Most commonly, you will want to look into charge controllers if you are trying to install an off-grid solar system, from rooftop systems to smaller setups on boats or RVs. If you are a homeowner looking to install a solar array with a battery that is connected to the electric grid, there is no need for a charge controller – once your battery is full, excess energy will be directed to the grid automatically instead, helping you avoid overloading your battery.
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
COMPONENTS OF INVERTERS...
As a follow up to our Lighting inverter series, this article will* focus on the components of a lighting inverter and how they may differ from a UPS. UPS systems are typically used for critical power applications where both power conditioning and uninterrupted power is required. They typically have shorter run time and rely on batteries to keep the system running in the event of an outage. While there are UPS systems that are UL924 approved, a UPS is typically used in non-lighting applications such as data centers, hospitals and other critical environments, keeping your servers, computers and other equipment operational in the event of a power outage. A lighting inverter is similar to a line-interactive UPS, where the unit passes utility power to support systems until there is an outage, then draws from batteries to provide power during the outage window.
Lighting inverters are typically used for life safety applications and usually have a longer run time requirement than a UPS system. In fact, the UL minimum standard is 90 minutes. They are used to keep the lights on in the event of an outage so occupants can safely egress. Lighting inverters typically do not conditioned power running through them. Rather than a traditional rectifier, there are components that act like a rectifier designed to provide a charging current to the batteries.
Let’s take a closer look at the components in a lighting inverter.
UPS Module. In normal mode, when utility power is present, the lighting loads are fed from utility, similar to a standby UPS. However, in some situations, the unit may help filter or supplement the incoming power. The UPS module contains an inverter which is an electronic device that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). There are usually a few other components within the UPS module such an AC distribution module with an input circuit breaker, boost tap transformer, control and monitoring subsystems. These additional components may provide some power conditioning, but are usually not designed for total power conditioning like a true, online UPS system might.
Battery Module. The battery module contains the battery system required to produce the reserve energy to supply the inverter during abnormal power conditions. In our industry we focus on run time and how long you want your unit to provide power while on battery. For a lighting inverter, there are a variety of battery types that may be used. We’ll discuss batteries in more detail below.
Battery Charger. The charger converts A/C voltage to D/C current. With utility power present, the battery charger circuit supplies voltage and current to the batteries. For most systems, once the batteries have received a full recharge, a constant trickle charge maintains the batteries at maximum level.
The inverter converts D/C voltage supplied by the battery to A/C voltage of a precisely stabilized amplitude and frequency that is suitable for powering most lighting loads. Typically, the inverter output voltage is generated by sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM). The use of a high carrier frequency for PWM and dedicated A/C filter circuit consisting of a transformer and capacitors, ensure a very low distortion of the output voltage.
Output Power Transformer. A dry type power transformer provides the inverter A/C output. Transformers are a key component in electrical distribution equipment. Factors to consider would be capacity, voltage rating, insulation system, core & coils and winding insulation system. Not all systems will have an isolation transformer, but if they do, most of the transformers within a UPS or lighting inverter unit are built with copper wiring.
Display and Controls. The system provides operation monitoring and control, audible alarms and diagnostics. The front mounted control panel includes a display and keypad for user interface. The display is menu driven and allows the operator to easily “watch” the system functions as they occur and check on virtually any aspect of the system’s operation.
Battery Assembly. While battery configurations can vary significantly in a lighting inverter application, many are a front access, sealed, lead-acid valve regulated battery cell. Batteries are interconnected via buss bars and cables. Similar to a UPS system, temperature has a direct effect on the life of a battery. There are two main battery types that may be found in your lighting inverter:
VRLA battery. Maintenance free battery that requires no addition of water over the life of the battery. The battery cells are housed in protective molded cases. Life expectancy can vary, but is typically 4 – 7 years.
Wet cell or nickel cadmium battery. Cell containers are made of translucent, heavy duty polypropylene, making it easier to check the electrolyte level. Life expectancy is designed for 15-20 years at 77-degree F.
There are other accessories to consider, such as a remote meter panel, which will allow greater flexibility to monitor all the system parameters from a remote location. The user can control and program the inverter from a remote location. This might allow a remote user or monitoring system to detect issues without needing to be onsite. Lastly, an external maintenance bypass switch, which permits maintenance personnel to easily bypass the protected equipment directly to the A/C utility power. The make before break switch isolates the system to perform routine maintenance or servicing. These come in handy when you need service on your unit, and can save you money not only by reducing the risk of losing your loads, but also in maintenance costs. Service can be completed during normal business hours rather than evenings or weekends which typically costs more.
These are the main components in a lighting inverter and common accessories that may be included.
[9/24, 10:36 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
*Don't sleep on this offer*
I can bet you can't get this with the same price anywhere else
One thing about my Masterclass, is that it's always cheap. I made it cheap not because it's less Value *but because I am not After your Money* , *I am after you having a Concrete solar skills that can* fetch you some Money
If then you miss this offer, you miss it for now!
But I really don't want you to miss it because you are part of my Exclusive Students.
*Why don't you spare a N1,100 to learn a Solar installation Skills that can fetch you thousand of Naira everyday or weekly*
Don't sleep on this Offer.
*Jump on it Right Now!!*. 💯💯💯💯💯💯💯
Register for or the two classes
[9/24, 8:23 PM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
MULTIPLE CHARGE CONTROLLER*
Large off-grid and battery backup PV systems, often require greater charging than a single controller can provide. To meet the charging requirements of these large systems, several MPPT™ controllers can be connected in parallel to a battery bank. Each controller is connected to its own separate PV array. MPPT controller systems is far more powerful than PWM
[9/28, 1:55 PM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
THE POOR PEOPLE OF 2021*
*The List of people who are not likely to get rich in 2021 is out.*
*Pls check if your name is here 👇.*
○ ○ ○
○ Those who believe every online business is a scam.
○ Those who are afraid of taking business risks.
○ Those who don't believe that success comes after a risk.
○ Those that hang out with pessimistic people.
○ Those who always see reasons to fail, but don't see chances of succeeding.
○ Those who think business should remain primitive.
○ Those who believe rich people are born to be rich and the poor are born to be poor.
○ Those who live for the day and sacrifice tomorrow for today.
○ Those who are not honest in their dealings with others.
○ Those who are always suspicious when it comes to money.
○ Those who wait for others to make it before they follow suit.
○ Those who carry all their eggs in one basket.
○ Those who bank all their money because they are too scared of investment.
○ Those who depend on govt and politicians to offer them jobs.
○○ *STOP BLAMING ur GOVERNMENT FOR* **EVERYTHING YOU CAN EITHER STAY RICH OR STAY POOR THE* *CHOICE IS YOURS TO MAKE*
© Admin*
[9/28, 2:18 PM] Solar Smith Ltd: *
ALERT!*✍️✍️
Remember your certificate cannot Save you in this Country
REMEMBER covid-19 has really taught alot of lesson*
So many people were out of their job because of this pandemic diseases
More reason you should upgrade your self with solar and digital skills that can fetch you some money in case your Salary is not coming up
During this Pandemic alone have earned more than N300,000 just with my smartphone without stepping out of my house or working for someone
How did I achieve that? My digital Skills pave way for me
At the beginning of the Year I was as Broke as anything, I came across a Master class on some digital skills February. I paid with my last Money hoping I will earn with it
After the training, I launched my solar Master class and over 20 people paid for my Master class
*I was so excited that I could earn with it.*
I started learning more digital skills which has actually made me not to be broke again
See it is not your Certificate that will earn you some money, it's your Sabi-ficate *(What you know* ).
That's why they ask you at interview "What can you do For us"
That's why I am imploring you to get register for my *masterclass*
*I guarantee you that if after the training you don't get what you want, I will do an open Apology for you and return your money*
What are you waiting for ?
Hurry up Now and Secure your slot by clicking the link below
Or you pay into
Account number: *0055526596*
Bank: *sterling Bank*
Account Name: *Oladipupo Smith*
Thanks for your time, let me know when you make the payment so I can add you to the advance class.
[9/29, 7:32 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
SUCCESS TIP FOR TODAY
THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SERVICE YOU RENDER FIXES YOUR WAGES.
The only constraints you have on your income and advancement potential are those you place upon yourself.
If you are unhappy with your salary, do something about it. What can you do to make yourself more valuable to your department or company?
Look around and identify things that need to be done. Don't wait to be asked.
Increase your knowledge about your organisation and become such a valued employee that your company can't afford to lose you.
See you at the top.
--- Dr. P. C. Orji
[9/29, 7:39 AM] Solar Smith Ltd:
Morning☄️ quote✍🏽
If you don't take a
*STEP*👣you can't STEP forward because a thousand mile🛤️ start with
Solar Smith Ltd:
👆👆👆👆👆
*The training that am doing for free here is one of my master class courses worth #25k and this October we are running it for just #5k each.*
No comments:
Post a Comment